Below I shall briefly prove that Skanda/Murugan came from non-Vedic, i.e. Dravidian practices:

Skanda

The origin of Skanda or Murugan, as he is known in the south, is similar to that of Ganesha. In this section, the Northern version of Skanda and his Southern counterpart Murugan will be dealt with separately. For simplicity, Skanda will refer to the Sanskritic god of the North and Murugan will be used to refer to the Dravidian version of the south.
As briefly touched upon before, Skanda originated amongst the class of spirits called Grahas.
These Grahas are not to be confused with the nine planets. Graha comes from the Sanskrit root “grh” meaning to “seize”. These beings cause sickness by possessing or “seizing” a person.
The Rig Veda 1.161.1 refers to a female Graha called a Grahi.
“muñcāmi tvā haviṣā jīvanāya kam ajñātayakṣmād uta rājayakṣmāt grāhir jagrāha yadi vaitad enaṃ tasyā indrāgnī pra mumuktam enam ”
“By means of the oblation I set you free to live safe from undeveloped consumption and from royal sumption; and if the seizer has already seized him, then to you, Indra , and Agni , set him free”
However as much as the Graha is found early as the Rig Veda, they are not of Indo European origin.
One of the earliest nuanced mentions of the Grahas, including Skanda, are found in the Sushruta Samhita.
“Attentively hear me describe, Sushruta, the origin, cause and medical treatment of the diseases of infancy which are due to the influences of malignant stars (Graha) or demons as well as the characteristic symptoms by which each can be accurately diagonosed. The diseases number nine in all and are called Skanda-Graha, Skandapasmara, Shakuni, Revati, Putana, Andha-Putana, Shita-Putana, Mukha-mandika and Naigamesha or Pitri-Graha. 2–3” (S.S Uttara Tantra 2.25.2-3).// Translate this by kyself later.
These Grahas are said to cause grave sickness amongst infants. The Skanda Graha for example is described as follows in the same chapter:
“Swelling of the eyes and distorted features of the face and an aversion to the breast-milk are the indications of an attack by the Skanda-graha. The body of the child emits a bloody smell and one of the eyelids becomes fixed or motionless. The child looks frightened, closes his fists (as in a fit of convulsion) and moans a little. The eyes become highly rolling and the stool becomes hard and constipated. Alternate fits of fainting and consciousness, convulsive jerks of legs and hands like those in dancing, foaming (at the mouth), yawning and the passing of stool and urine with the passage of wind are the characteristic features of an attack by the Skanda-pasmara-graha. 5–6.”
Such beliefs of malignant spirits attacking children are prevalent even today amongst the rural folk of south India. However, disease demons are universal, so the non Vedic-ness of the Grahas, must be sought out. The origin of the belief in the Grahas is inferred from the rituals prescribed to appease them. Amongst the rituals there is this interesting paragraph:
“The physician (or any other person acting on his behalf) should bathe in the night and worship the god Skanda for three successive nights in the inner quadrangle of the house of the child or at the crossing of roads with various offerings, viz., garlands of red flowers, red flags, red perfumes such as Kumkuma, edibles of various kinds and newly harvested barley grains, Shali rice. A cock should be sacrificed on the occasion (to appease his wrath) and bells should be rung (for his propitiation). The water to be used for bath (in course of worship), should be consecrated by reciting the Gayatri Mantra and the sacrificial fire should be duly lit with (three, seven or ten) libations (of clarified butter). 6.”(S.S. Uttara Tantra 2.28.6).
The first motif is the use of red coloured items. We find parallels to this in early Tamil traditions of Murugan. Indeed Murugan in modern Hindu iconography is associated with the red color. We shall get into this later.
The other aspect of the ritual is the sacrifice of the cock. This is also accompanied later by the offering of meat and blood:
“The physician (or the votary officiating for him) should worship the presiding deity of the disease in a ditch (dug out for the purpose) with the offerings of both cooked and uncooked meat, fresh blood (of a goat), milk, and edibles prepared with the Masha pulse for the ghosts, and the possessed child should be bathed at the crossing of roads by physician observing the necessary fast, etc. with the recital of the following Mantra….”(S.S. Uttara Tantra 2.29).
Returning the the offering of the cock, it is curious that this animal is mentioned. The cock is featured in the Vedic ritual of Ashvamedha, but as an animal to be released alive. Moreover, the Manusmriti prohibits the consumption of the fowl.
“The mushroom, the village-pig, garlic, the village-cock, onions and leeks,—the twice-born man eating these intentionally would become an ou tcast.—(19)”(MS 5.19).
On the positive, we have the sacrifice of the chicken in Dravidian and tribal rituals.
In the Nellore District, the goddess of diseases Kateri is popritiated for safe child delivery. At the same time, she has a great thirst for blood. As Elmore recorded, the woman“, offers a fowl to Kateri , cooks the fowl and eats it . She then puts on the koka which has been offered to Kateri, and makes various offerings, especially the blood of more fowls” (Elmore pg 50).
Similarly, Kanaka Durgamma is popritiated when there is cattle disease, and each step of her worship involves the slaughter of a fowl. It is recorded by Elmore that in the ritual a woman is possessed by the goddess and starts asking for the blood of chickens, goats, sheep, or buffalo. When a person dies, the Gulgulias, a group of people in Eastern India, pour liquor down the copse. They then kill a chicken, burn it, and through the ashes into an irrigation tank to ensure the spirit is satisfied. Most of the offerings to these goddesses and spirits, however, tend to beof goats or sheep.
The Gonds appease wrathful spirits by offering usually a goat, pig, or a chicken depending on the god they are woshiping. For Bara Deo, a spotted he-goat; for Takkur Deva, 5 chicken and a pig. When a person dies, the third day after the funeral is called Tisra. On Tisra the chief mourner kills a chicken near a stream and cooks it with rice.
The Irulas also offer a cock to appease evil spirits.
Thus the use of chicken meat in the ritual to appease the Grahas are not of Vedic origin, and likey stem from Dravidian or Austro Asiatic sources. Interestingly, modern iconography of Skanda features him with the rooster as an emblematic animal. Puranic legend states that when Skanda killed Surapadma who hid himself as a tree, the two fragments of the tree became a peacock and a rooster. Perhaps the offering of the cock to Skanda led to him having the bird as one of his emblematic animals.

The Distancing

As some scholars point out, as the cult of Skanda grew and the as spirit started becoming a full fledged deity, people weren’t happy with the relationship with the Grahas. Coming back to the Sushruta Samhita, the 32nd chapter of the 2nd Canto of the Uttara Tantra has this to say on the subject:
“It is impossible that the god springing from Rudra and Agni, with his exalted parentage would find pleasure in such a dangerous disease even out of childish frolic-someness and it has also been asserted by eminent authorities on the physical science that some unintelligent persons have been misled into holding, through a mistake due to the identity of the names, that the author of the disease under discussion (Skanda) is no other than the invincible Skanda”.
However, while trying to deny Skanda’s nature as a Graha, it fails to dissolve any trace of his malignant origin. Previously in the chapter, it is recorded that
“ Skandapasmara, the presiding deity of the disease named after him, was created by Agni, the fire-god (Vulcan). He is as bright as fire itself and is a constant companion of the god Skanda and is also known by the name of Vishakha”
The name of Graha having Skanda in it, as well as his association with Skanda, ironically end up echoing the deities' past. Ironically, in later texts, Vishakha is an epithet of Skanda. The chapter continues saying
“On the effulgent god Skanda’s being elevated to the leadership of the armies of Heaven, the presiding deities of those diseases waited upon him and with folded palms asked him about the means of their subsistence. The god Skanda in his turn, referred them to His Holiness the god Shiva for the answer, whereupon they went to the latter in a body and made the same query”
This narrative is found in the Mahabharata Aranyaka Parva Chapter 219. After Indra struck Skanda with the vajra, a part of his body split off and became Vishakha. Also from Skanda’s fiery body, came the Grahas which are made to torment women and children. The likely explanation for this distancing is that the cultured people didn’t like how their god could be malevolent, thus they tried to make him benevolent while not completely disregarding his origins. Narratives like those in the Mahabharata were an excellent way for the brahmanas of the Mauryan and Guptan era to accomplish that goal.
​

Origin of Murugan

Murugan is the Tamil name for Skanda. The name literally means “Youthful”, the same way “Kumara” does. Murugan has an similar origin as his northern version, as a wrathful spirit.
According to Iravatam Mahadevan, a scholar in Indus Valley and Dravidian studies, Muruku (i.e. Murugan) in early Tamil times was a departed soul or spirit that would possess a priest (Velan) or a maiden who then would dance frantically. Murugan was thus a wrathful formless spirit. However, he is said to be red and carry a spear. Evidently, the Velan wore red clothes and carried a spear. Bloody sacrifices also were offered for Skanda. The dance that the Velan would do to appease the spirit Murugan is called Veriyattal. The Velan was summoned to solve problems or even tell how wars would unfold. In the Veddah people of Sri Lanka believe in a spirit called Kande Yakkha. And in one recollection of their myth on Valli’s origin, Kande Yakkha was the substitute for Murugan. This may be from early contact between Tamilians and the Veddahas and thus establishes the spirit origin of Murugan.
According to Mahadevan, “Muru” is a PDr root meaning “to break” but is homiphonous with “mur” meaning “Young”. Confusion may have made Murugan youth. This may have influenced the iconography of Skanda in the North. But more likely is that Skanda got his youth from Agni and this tradition influenced his southern counter part.
I depart from the traditional view that Velan derives from Tamil “Vel” meaning spear. If we are to assert a Proto Dravidian, or even Proto South Dravidian origin, for Muruguab, it must be noted that Tamil “Vel” meaning spear has only a cognate in Malayalam. That is also because Malayalam is descended from Tamil. Thus Tamil “Vel” is not an original Proto Dravidian world. However the Tamil root “vel” meaning “sacrifice” is of Proto Dravidian origin, with cognates being in Telugu as well (Tel “Velpu” = “god”; “Velvi” = “Sacrifice”). Thus the Velan could mean “sacrificer”. Then from homophones, Velan got reinterpreted to mean “Spear man”, thus prompting Murugan to carry a spear. This spear then may have made him a war god. Of course this is speculation , and further Dravidian research is needed.

The Influences

Most scholars agree that it is the Northern Skanda that influenced the Southern Murugan. The priority for the North is evident from the fact that Tamil traditions say that Skanda is said to have been born in the North but decided to settle in the South.
The reason Skanda and Murugan would be conflated is plain obvious. The deities are both wrathful spirits needing appeasement. In fact, both Skanda and Murugan may derive their similar attributes because they originated from the same tradition, making both traditions of Skanda and Murugan figuratively siblings. Iravatam Mahadevan taxes the origin of Skanda worship to the Indus Valley. One of the Harappan script signs he identifies is a curled up skeleton. The Proto Dravidian root he assigned the sign to was “Mur” meaning “twisted” or “shriveled up”. This is homophonous to the roots meaning “break” and “youth”, and the connection to the dead makes this sign a great candidate for evidence of Murugan or general spirit appeasement during the Indus Valley period. What may have then happened was the Dravidians bought the Murugan worship to the South while the people who stayed in the North introduced their beliefs to the Vedic people. Indeed the Tamil literature attributes Skanda to the Kurunji landscape, which is the mountainous regions of Ancient Tamilikam. Indeed amongst the Niligiri tribes, like the Irula, is spirit worship the norm.
The Sangam literature knew of the Vedic practices, suggesting that Northern traditions have been established in the south. This is is possible that the developments of Skanda in the North have been introduced during the Sangam period and influenced the conception of Murugan, at least in part.
​
​
References:
DRAVIDIAN GODS IN MODERN HINDUISM A STUDY OF THE LOCAL AND VILLAGE DEITIES O F SOUTHERN INDIA by Wilber Theodore Elmore.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40450839?read-now=1&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents - gonds offer to spirits several animals, but mostly goats and chickens.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40453635?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents - shaministic stuff about Austroasiatic tribes. Includes chicken use. //
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141129?read-now=1&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents Skanda and Vishaka alluded as Mahabharata reference.
Skanda:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43483765...
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049041...
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20297310...
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062666?...
https://rmrl.in/wp-content/uploads/20...
“Worship of Ancient Tamils Gleaned from the Tamil Literature” by Dr.P.Ganesan https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/respon...
\data\drav\dravet&first=161&off=&text_proto=vel&method_proto=sound_substring&ic_proto=on&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&ic_meaning=on&text_sdr=&method_sdr=substring&ic_sdr=on&text_tel=&method_tel=substring&ic_tel=on&text_koga=&method_koga=substring&ic_koga=on&text_gnd=&method_gnd=substring&ic_gnd=on&text_ndr=&method_ndr=substring&ic_ndr=on&text_bra=&method_bra=substring&ic_bra=on&text_notes=&method_notes=substring&ic_notes=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=proto&ic_any=on https://webcache.googleusercontent.co...
https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/ha...
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3024...
https://www.academia.edu/12681396/BEL...
The Rise of Mahāsena: The Transformation of Skanda-Karttikeya in North India from the Kuṣāṇa to Gupta Empires Book by Richard Dewey Mann https://www.academia.edu/33546233/Ori...
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20486646...
Early Cult of SKanda in North India: From Demon to Divine Son http://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/ASH...
http://murugan.org/research/zvelebil.htm
http://kataragama.org/valli.htm
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24652468...
https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03228.htm Mahabharata, Skanda as Agni who is Rudra
https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09044.htm Shalya Parva origin of Skanda
https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29066/1/10731161.pdf
https://tulsidas-ram-books.weebly.com/uploads/2/1/7/4/21746472/devi_puran.pdf
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39183392.pdf
https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=mother
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/135436/1/Asher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf

Good morning and thanks for looking. Have a nice mix of coins for sale today. Shipping will be via padded bubble mailer first class tracked for items weighing 12 oz or less and is $5. Heavier items will ship sfrb, or priority padded envelope and will be $10. Payment by Zelle or Venmo preferred. Payment by Crypto or Cash App are acceptable if you wish to cover the 3.5% withdrawal fee. Proof
******US Coins\\**
Gold (Prices include shipping on gold)
1854 Type 1 $1 AU+ $345
1853 $2.50 Liberty Head PCGS AU53 $700
1908 $2.50 Indian Head Lightly Polished $405
1911 $10 Indian Head PCGS MS62 $1,425 Sold
Silver (Buy any 3 Get Free shipping) Graded Morgans- For more pics chat me.
1986 Silver Eagle BU (Few splotches of color on obverse) $42
2007 W Early Release ASE PR69 NGC $70
2013 5 oz ATB National Park with Mint box, no cert. This is the collector's version not the lower grade bullion coin. $190
2019 P America Memorial Park 5 oz ATB SP70 NGC $215
1882 CC GSA Morgan Dollar W/Box and Cert $335
1883 CC GSA Morgan Dollar W/Box and Cert $320
1878 S MS63 PCGS $144
1880 SMS65 PCGS $340
1883 O PCGS MS63 $85
1884 O PCGS MS63 $75
1885 PCGS MS63 $80
1885 OMS64 NGC $200 Sold
1885 O MS64 PCGS $100
1887 MS64 PCGS Rattler $115
1889 MS64 NGC $110
1899 O MS64 PCGS $100
1900 O MS64 PCGS $103
1904 O MS64 NGC $100
1904 O ANACS old holder (ANA) MS62 + toning $73
1945 S Walking Liberty MS64 PCGS $90
1936 S Bay Bridge Commemorative Half BU -My grade is MS65 Selling at MS64 Bid $190
Other US Coins
1971, 1972, 1973 40% Silver Ikes in OGP $39 for the 3 or $14 each
2019 W Proof Shield Cent - Only year Lincoln Cent with the W Mintmark PR69 PCGS
2012 Silver Proof Set $115
2012 Presidential Dollars Coin Set $60
1848 Large Cent XF- Few flecks of environmental- $75
1869 3 cent nickel -Problem free $170
1881 3 cent nickel unc details- Wire Brushed $40
1909 S Indian Head Cent PCGS F15 $365
1910 S Lincoln Cent MS63 RB NGC $122
1922 D Weak D MS64 RB NGC $900
1931S MS63 RB NGC $175
1931 S MS64 RB NGC (small dark line on this one, front and back of coin) didn't notice it when I bought it but once I did it's all I see hence the discounted price) $185
1883 No Cents Liberty Head V Nickel earlier die state MS64 PCGS $185
1883 No Cents Liberty Head V Nickel late die state MS64 PCGS $185
1951 Neutron Irradiated Silver Dime, encased in an American Museum of Atomic Energy encasement.
-These have an interesting history; they were basically a marketing tool for nuclear power. They would irradiate the dime and then give it back encased. $16
\*World Coins*\**
1847 and 1883 Kingdom of Hawaii Full set- Cent, Dime, Quarter, Half and Dollar $1860 **firm**
1847 Hawaii cent AU NGC -A really nice chocolatey brown coin with a sharp strike. Small fleck of environmental on the reverse
1883 Dime VF raw - Nicely struck VF, light corrosion, old cleaning
1883 Quarter AU PCGS - Nicely struck, plenty of luster, almost proof like depth to fields, traces of old cleaning, has retoned nicely over time
1883 Half Dollar AU PCGS - Nice even patina, well struck crest, old cleaning though it has retoned nicely
1883 Dollar VF raw - A few hits from circulation on the front, light cleaning on the reverse, good strike, nice even patina
Gold
1875 Netherlands 10 Gulden AU $395
1876 Netherlands 10 Gulden BU $410
Silver
1953 5 Pesos Mexico $23
1968Mexico Olympics $20
1977 & 1978 100 Pesos $50 for both
1984 Nicely toned Libertad $50
1831 5 Francs $30
2002 10 Kreuzer Unc $40
1934 Chinese Junk Dollar Raw XF has some PVC $150
1934 ChineseJunk Dollar PCGS AU cleaned $160
Graded Brazil Lot - 1867 200 R Bust Type NGC MS64, 1852 500R NGC AU58, 1889 2000R Empire AU58 $200 for all 3
1967 Panama Proof Set $62
Coin Books and Supplies
Sigma Metalytics Precious Metals Verifier Base Unit $750
Just ordered a pro and don't need an extra- Includes the calibration disk and manual if I can find it. If anyone's interested let me know what you want to see, and I'll post a video to Imgur
Dansco Albums (Shipping is $10 for priority padded envelope on Dansco albums)
6170 Early Dollars 1794 - 1803 new in wrapper $35
6152 Liberty Seated Half Dollar 1839 - 1891 new in wrapper $40
7150 Liberty Head Half Dollars 1892 - 1915 new in wrapper $35
7011 Coins of the World new without wrapper $40

Question for the group… my wife runs a small business by herself, which she just closed, and yesterday we received a small-claims court letter from a former customer demanding her money back.
Her business is the type that routinely charges a non-refundable security deposit that covers administrative costs, primarily since the state regulates her and there is a lot of paperwork involved, but also because we get many registrations, and the deposit is the only way to ensure that the people who want to come to have a guaranteed spot.
As short and to the point as possible, a lady/"Karen" registered last year, paid the deposit, rescheduled once to our last class, and then tried to reschedule again. We told her we couldn’t, and she demanded her deposit back, which we reminded her was non-refundable. (She was told there were no more classes when she rescheduled the first time, and she acknowledged that)
I won’t spend a lot of time on the back and forth, but this lady is a classic Karen, and can’t be wrong. I’m not a lawyer, but I am a software engineer so I know how to string a chain of events along, and I have to live in reality all day. I am comfortable saying Karen is in the wrong for the context of this post.
My question is this; Karen works for a bank, we know this because almost every single email she has sent us, asking for rescheduling, understanding she would lose her deposit, including screaming and bullying, all came from her work email where she is a branch manager.
My gut reaction is to include the bank as a co-defendant. I don’t expect the bank to become involved beyond saying something like "This is personal, leave us out of it", but I am not a fan of bullies, and she is using a position of power by being a branch manager for a local bank that we sometimes use (different branch thank gawd). I would expect her manager would have something to say to her as well since it would require a response, if even minimal, from the bank.
Will I get blowback from the court if I name the bank as a co-defendant in a counter? I am 200% certain we are in the right, but if by adding the bank we are adding certain doom, or would make our lives miserable, I would rather avoid it.
Oh, the whole thing is for super short money, under $300, and we would counter for lost income, filing fees, and time spent, so maybe $900.
We are in the New-England area, USA for context.

Succumbed to too many silver sales this past week and shot clean over my budget, so here I am trying to refill my checking account.
Up for sale is a bunch of assorted stuff. Feel free to PM with reasonable offers, preference given to bundles. Shipping is $5 first class up to 5 oz, then $10 for anything else. Typical disclosure, I will hand the well packed, secured package to the postal worker at the post office and provide tracking, but I can’t be responsible for USPS incompetency thereafter.
Now for the goods
Peace dollar lot - $450
1922 (x6), 3 of which in capsules
1923-S in capsule
1923 (x4) BU in capsules, really nice frosty luster
1925 in capsule AU+ imo
1926 in capsule
1926-S in capsule
Slabbed peace dollar (not included in lot):
1922 PCGS MS63 - $90
Take all peace dollars for $530 shipped.
Britannias:
4x queen lizzies, 2023, two loose two in capsules, great condition. $29 ea
IGR gold gram in assay - $75
1882-O NTC MS65 reverse toner, see videos. $250 OBO
Whale option: take everything for $900 shipped.
Proof and album: https://imgur.com/a/NSAAxvX
PPFF and Venmo preferred

TO START: I KNOW THEY SAID THEY WERE LOOKING INTO CHANGING JUGG AND MAGE ITEMS. I KNOW. I AM JUST STARTING A DISCUSSION.
Edit: I should have mentioned but I ONLY play Illaoi mid. I just cant stand top lane. Its far too wide and long of a lane and its so disconnected that by the time you get to the point where they have to start paying attention to you, the rest of the map already got the towers and looking to team fight and end. I can just outpush 90% of laners and sit on the side of the tower and just proc demolish. If they try and jump me, I ER and most likely they either die or are too low to stay. Being able to mess up back timings with E is also great. I can start soaking pressure by being so close to the tower and between 2 lanes. It's about choking out the other laner and forcing an interaction with multiple enemies. Top just takes too long to scale and splitting isnt rewarded enough. Juggernauts need to be able to start soaking pressure faster. Turning online sooner so in the situation where they get fed, their use will be in being able to warp the game around them first being a raid boss when solo and a body guard for when they are with their team.
Team fighting should be more of a strong point for juggernauts but it requires so much that you have to be uber fed to fight an organized team. You just get outscaled unless you can end before 24 minutes then. You lack the utility of a tank and the mobility of a diver. You have all the damage you need but no way to be useful outside of that. There's a reason we are seeing things like Redemption Urgot and while I think its an interesting change, I dont think they should be forced to play only team fight to win as split pushing should be honored more.
I also think health stacking is a signature juggernaut thing to do. The fantasy of coming in and dominating with 5k health. You run your targets down and demand space. Juggernauts feel also involves the lane and the lack of ability to affect the map and I think mapl changes need to be done to fix this feel. Something like moving up the 2 towers to the river edges similar to mid lane so there is less space and more violence for lack of a better term. The secondary towers would need to also be moved up. It would also make the ranged tops far more easier to fight since there is less space for them to run. If left alone, you can choke out resources with demolish while they attempt to last hit under tower if you have decent wave clear.
Titanic at least finds some play with 2 bruisers but I've seen it on ranged champs more like Vayne and Zeri with the occasional Kog. Spirit Visage is actual hot ass. The effect just doesnt feel great and there are better MR options. I propose add an enhanced effect to both of them if champions hit stat thresholds like Warmogs. Juggernaut items also lack a lot of satisfaction and have a hard time living up to their fantasy. Especially the weirder juggernauts like Yorick/Illaoi. They are all just stat sticks with little utility. While I think Juggernauts having overall less utility is a class defining trait, I do think we can give a few options for those that want more utility so I also propose a change for other items.
I use Bonus Health and the phrase, " or when not near any allies" to signify a, "buffed state", where you are alone and get enhanced effects because of this. This is to reinforce the 1vX playstyle. Come around late game, when you have a lot more bonus health, you can start joining up with your team as you have enough bonus health to keep your effects up going when with your team. It gives incentive to be a pressure engine and force people to contest you or else.

Tiamat

This item is great at early pushing but the build path can be kinda meh but isnt the worse. Ability Haste is very important and so it should build our of a long sword and its price go to 1250. It would also get 10 ability haste.
Total 1300

• Pickaxe
• Longsword
• 10 Ability Haste
• 35 AD

Titanic Hydra

Total 2800

• Tiamat
• Ruby Crystal
• KindleGem
• 450 gold
• 450 health
• 20 ability haste
• 35 ad

1. Passive: The exact same before the stat threshold. At 900 bonus health or when not near any allies, apply the waves to abilities.

Reason: Only juggernauts are getting that much bonus health usually and the few cases that do get this are often forgoing damage. Juggernauts get off insane damage with low AD because that's how they function. Conditional high damage. This would let juggernauts dish out more AoE damage in team fights and have a big more output all around so it doesnt feel awful if they cannot focus down their target.

Spirit Visage

This item is yikes. The passive sounds great especially after GW made healing on Juggernauts practically useless but doesnt affect users like Vlad and to lesser extent heal supports because of how the healing is done over time, rather than in bursts. GW buff made healing feel awful and building for it feel awful. I think Spirit Visage should be a pseudo counter to GW but not fully counter it.
Total 3000

• Negatron Cloak
• KindleGem
• Giant's Belt
• 400 gold
• 600 health
• 10 Ability Haste
• 50 MR

1. New Effect: When reduced down to 25% health, remove and become immune to grievous wounds for X seconds.
2. Passive: At 1000 bonus health or when not near any allies, apply this effect at 50% health instead.

Reason: GW feels awful to fight against as a juggernaut. Considering you still have to look into building Damage/Health/CDDouble resists to survive if you are on the slower side like Illaoi or you go for a more high damage build and trying to cosplay a naruto run with ghost/Phase Rush. This can let you turn the tides if you time your big healing rotations right. For example with Illaoi, it may be best to fight until low then R to surprise them.

Spectre's Cowl

This item has lost its place and needs a new purpose. It will now build into Force of Nature, replacing Winged Moonplate
Total - 1000

• 150 health
• 25 MR

1. New Effect: Enemies that hit you with abilities are slowed by 5%.

Reason: The old Spectre's Cowl had no use. It felt awful to but and 99% of the time you want to go negatron cloak. I think This change can give the item a new identity as a utility tank item that can help with early fights. Like thorn mail but no damage.

Force of Nature - MR Tank mythic

This item got changed recently and honestly, I am not for it as were many tank mains. Now I do think this item succeeded in the satisfaction department because of how strong it was when you got it. Even though it was just numbers, the effect was so strong that you could visibly see the damage get effectively nullified. This wasnt fun for mages so it was changed and right to have been but this version now lacks satisfaction. I think we should make this a utility item.
Total 3100

• Spectre's Cowl
• KindleGem
• Negatron Cloak
• 350 health
• 75 MR
• 10 Ability Haste

1. New Effect: Champions that hit you with magic damage are slowed by 10% for X amount of seconds.
2. Passive: At 1100 bonus health or when not near any allies, Every 5 spells that you are hit by, gain a magic shield scaling off your bonus health.

Reason: This would be utility that both tanks could use to close the distance. Once you get to that late game point, you can more reliably tank shots. Something like this could let juggernauts who want to be more tanky and still want utility go.

Hullbreaker

This item has seen better days. Right now its pretty ok but is being over shadowed by the assassins mythics. This item has anti satisfaction built right in. It feels awful to build this with the intent to split but then realizing you now need to group and now have a shitty item on you. It feels awful to sell as well and adds to your potential bounty. I am not saying remove all its restrictions but lets lighten up on them.
Total Unchanged

1. New Passive: At 1000 bonus health or when not near any allies, Keep your resists when near your team mates but lose the enhanced minion.

Reason: Already mentioned above

Phage

Because GW is so common now, I think we can bring back pre gutted phage, back when Steraks gave AD.

Steraks

Similarly to Phage, I would much rather have a scaling shield based on champions near by than tenacity that activates towards end of your rotation, where it is least useful.

Warmogs

This baby needs some real love. Imma keep it simple.

• At 1200 bonus health, regeneration 5% maximum health every 2 seconds when in combat.

Reason: This would mean that tanks/juggs become harder to kill and can sustain through fights if no one gets GW. The difference is that Tanks wouldnt really grab the new Spirit Visage as they dont really have any in kit healing so GW will still affect them heavily. As for Juggernauts, GW will not be nearly as much of a threat since they are more likely to get Spirit Visage to make that all in very strong. If a juggrenaut cant guarantee a kill or severe damage when they are in their optimal range then they lose their purpose. Surviving helps with that and spirit visage+warmogs could be a powerful team fight combo.
​
Let me know if im stupid.

I would like some help with the below FH5 tune for Ferrari FXX in S1 900 class road.
First, let's start with I am a wheel and pedal guy. There appears to me to be aspects of tunes that the FH5 controller-dominated community uses or suggests that maybe don't work so hot on a wheel. If it helps to consider my wheel use in evaluating the tune, please be aware of that. Next, I will say that I have driven this car with this tune deep into the 1% rankings for rivals on two tracks, so the car functions and the driver is, well, so-so. We are talking about subtle issues here, not giant issues (or maybe I have giant issues and will be top 500 once you guys fix me up).
The thing holding this car back at the moment is what I will call its emulation of an overactive Labrador Retriever Puppy. It turns in quick and effortlessly. However, coming out of turns (particularly on my wheel and pedal set up), it just really wants to keep turning instead of straightening out. Although this is possibly an exaggerated description, If I make a 90 degree turn requiring 45 degrees of wheel rotation, when I am done turning with other cars, I just quickly snap my hands back to 10 and 2 o'clock and hold steady and the car is steady and straight again. This car overshoots where I wanted to straighten out, making me do more like a 0 deg, -5 deg, + 5 deg, -2 deg, +2 deg sort of damping out of the turn to go straight. Another example would be if you just went to a straight drag strip and got going 90 mph and decided to just turn the wheel +5 deg, -5 deg, +5 deg, -5 deg and repeat, what you would find is that the car would actually force you to go +5 deg, -5 deg, +6 deg, -6 deg and ever growing until you just crashed the car. Not sure I am describing this well, but basically the car is just overly enthusiastic at turning at the end of a turn and yet never actually slides out the rear end in any classic oversteer sort of way.
Below is the link to the tune.
https://optn.club/formatteNoIgziA0IHYIZVg6Fr0akiCCB1AIhkdAE7EgBKcAxgKYAEAKrTPQMoAOttAJuemmThymUfyFiUiAUmlCZk4VOVLVJCcQBMAFgCskAMwA2fSADytAC6WAljADmtEkwCeXehQCiGDuQMk+SB19Y1MAMSd1EhtETQAGON16CJIom2SADQzERDYARkQAdgAOAE4oUoToWM0DADptRF04o1jSvM0muoNi1uhNOqNS4qg9I2gAM1Hm6AAbACMoPMmoE2hdApXoPITRraM60wBaTaO4w+hCqAMt7QuQQt0oGbzTKchiuMhXrdA72sQdzyV36dVKBlidU05W2dV6iDyhz6IERBk2KLqeQh0HOpSeOLhnQJhTiIAAupA7jcQO87oVoHZpl8ac8ZiAFmAAPSMoLaILjEAcMAxHGIUlkoA=

Predictmedix – a great way to surf the Artificial Intelligence wave. There is a saying attributed to Mark Twain that goes, “History doesn’t repeat itself, but if often rhymes.” This means circumstances might be different but similar events often recur. This is good because securities regulators demand that you make it clear that in the financial markets, “Past performance is no guarantee of future results.” However, investment analysts continue to use rhymes and here’s one that could help you see sizeable investment returns from Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF). This is how the rhyme comes together: A. The 1990s technology boom: The parallel I see is between the current Artificial Intelligence cycle and the dot-com stock market cycle of ≈1990 to ≈ 2002. As background, the 1990s either developed or laid the groundwork for changes that completely transformed the world we live in. Out of that time came many new technologies and related developments and each was highly disruptive. Here is a very brief list of some of those developments: (1) Nokia was the first mass-produced cellphone offered in 1992 with the ability to send and receive phone calls as well as store data (e.g. phone numbers). (2) The World Wide Web, a.k.a. the Web browser was proposed in 1990 and debuted in 1991. This was the start of the Internet, Websites, e-mails and a massive amount of information that would become available to everyone. (3) With the explosion of data available, finding it became a challenge. Mosaic started as the first search engine in 1993 followed by Yahoo in 1994 and Google in 1998. Today, Google has risen to the top and become synonymous with an Internet search. Google it. (4) Other important developments of that time included the growth in the capacity of microprocessors, Photoshop, texting, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, realistic videogames for a more adult market, collecting and using DNA, the start of e-tailing and more. (5) Finally, we have the stock market. Cisco, Dell, Intel and Microsoft are sometimes referred to as the four horsemen of the 1990s tech boom. But we can’t ignore Apple and Google and there were many more that benefited. The smaller, new, Initial Public Offering companies came to the fore with incredibly high returns in the second half of the 1990s. The chart to the right shows how stock markets performed during the 1990’s high-tech boom. A few things are worth noting: (1) The Dot.Com stock market cycle lasted a long t time. Essentially, more than the decade of the 1990s. It’s length reflected the importance of the fundamental changes taking place. (2) There was an important development regarding the stock market that has become part of the stock market legend. On December 5, 1996, Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan in a televised speech used the term “irrational exuberance” to describe a stock market that he thought was highly speculative and overvalued. His comment was intended as a warning from the Fed that the stock market, driven by the high-tech developments described above, was overvalued. His timing was five years early which is a lifetime in the stock market. (3) The five years after Greenspan’s “irrational exuberance” statement was the most profitable for investors of the entire ten years plus of the stock market cycle. As you sit reading this brief, imagine your life without a cell phone, the Internet, e-mail and text messages. How different would your life be without just these four products that emerged from the 1990s. A more relevant question might be how different would your life be if you had purchased shares in Apple or Cisco or Dell or Google or Microsoft back then? B. The Artificial Intelligence Boom (AI): The term Artificial Intelligence was created in 1955. The idea was to have a machine that could take data, and find patterns that would enable it to make predictions and reach conclusions (make decisions). The Oxford Dictionary defines AI as “The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.” It was Moore’s Law in 1975 that stated the capacity of semiconductors would continue to double every two years which enabled computers to be able to put into practice the AI Boom that is taking place today. Current forecasts say the AI industry will grow to $900 billion by 2026 and $15.7 trillion by 2030. AI growth in the 1920s could dwarf anything high-tech was able to accomplish in the 1990s. (1) There is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) boom going on and many people don’t yet realize it is even happening. AI is used in: i. Self-driving and parking cars. AI is used by Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Tesla, Toyota and Volvo. ii. Maps and navigation. Enter where you are and where you want to go by car and Google Maps, for example, will give you a choice of routes, the time optimal route taking into account construction and traffic. iii. Facial detection or recognition. Facial detection identifies a human face or facial recognition that identifies a specific face that can be used for surveillance and security. iv. Digital assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Google’s Now and Microsoft’s Cortana. When combined with search and recommendation AI, Alexa or Siri is able to learn your preferences and recommend things you are interested in. v. Customer service chatbots that answer frequently asked questions, track orders or direct calls. Often people will be unaware they are dealing with a machine. vi. Vehicle recognition use computer vision and deep learning to find a specific car on a surveillance video. vii. Robot vacuums can scan a living area, look for and remember objects in the way, remember the best route for cleaning the area and decide how many times it should repeat cleaning a specific area. It is estimated that by 2030, between 400 and 800 million jobs will be displaced by Artificial Intelligence and 375 million people will have to change to a totally different type of work. It is also forecast that it is not just lower-paying, blue-collar jobs that will be replaced by AI. Jobs such as accountants, lawyers, doctors, investment advisors and portfolio managers might all be substantially eliminated. AI will impact all industries and the rate of change will be exponential, that is, the rate of change will accelerate. For example, what does a doctor do? In general, a doctor gathers new information, refers to a patient’s medical history, refers to a medical book or today’s Internet, makes a diagnosis and provides s treatment. This is also what a lawyer does. AI might reach the point where it can do it faster and better than a human.. AI does present threats to human existence. As AI is changing exponentially, it will happen faster than the technology boom of the 1990s. It took technology 20 years to produce the changes we discussed above. AI could produce equivalent changes in 10 or 15 years. For example, ChatGPT, an AI product went from zero to 100 million users within months making it the fastest-growing consumer software product in history. There will be others. (2) The AI shift could drive economic change and a stock market cycle at least as significant as the last “dot.com” cycle. The “go-to” companies today for participation in AI are the likes of Alphabet (NASDAQ: GOOGL), Amazon (NASDAQ: AMZN), Meta (NASDAQ: META), Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT), Nvidia (NASDAQ: NVDA) and Oracle (NYSE: ORCL). These are very large companies. GOOGL has a market cap of $1.6 trillion, AMZN has a market cap of $1.2 trillion, META has a market cap of $$648 billion, MSFT has a market cap of $2.4 trillion, NCDA has a market cap of $963 billion and ORCL has a market cap of $282 billion. (3) While these are excellent businesses, they are also amongst the world’s largest companies. In 2022, GOOGL, META and MSFT purchased 2 out of every 3 AI chips. In my opinion, it is almost unthinkable that GOOGL can be a ten-bagger from a base market cap of $1.6 trillion or AMZN from $1.2 trillion. But it is clear these stocks now have a major component of their value derived from involvement in Artificial Intelligence and it is not surprising that early adopters would choose a lower risk/lower return approach to gain exposure to an emerging Artificial Intelligence industry. (4) The changes created by AI also carry some risks. The speed of change will be challenging to human beings. There are forecasts that say one in four workers globally will see their jobs disappear and one in eight workers will have to be retrained in a totally unrelated field. During the industrial revolution and the tech boom, there was always the promise of more and better jobs. With AI we may have reached the point where machines actually do replace workers. (5) Cathie Wood is a well-known and widely followed money manager with a reputation for expertise in the Artificial Intelligence sector. Wood manages a range of portfolios including the ARK Innovation Exchange Traded Fund (ARKK) and since its founding in 2014, Bloomberg estimates NDVA has contributed 13% of the fund’s 112% total return only behind Grayscale Bitcoin Trust, Invitae Corp and Tesla. That is all positive but Wood sold the ARKK holding in NVDA in January 2023 just before it rallied strongly adding some $560 billion to its market cap with $200 billion coming on one day after reporting earnings. Wood’s investors have basically missed the huge rally in the stock and the sector in 2023. (6) But there is another phase I would look for and that is the participation of smaller, retail investors. Whether it was in the tech cycle I discussed above, the “meme” stocks or commodity exploration and development cycles in the past, the retail investor buys in before the bull market ends. Market pundits such as Citi global asset allocation and Vanda Research make the same observation: where is the retail investor? We know the institutional investors have been getting in. So far in 2023 according to Bloomberg, the top 4% of stocks in the S&P 500 have contributed 94% of the index return and 8 of the top 20 include Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet Class A, NVIDIA, Alphabet Class C, Tesla and Meta. In other words, the top 2% of the stocks in the S&P 500 contributed 94% of the return. Through mid-May, if the AI stocks are omitted, the S&P Index would be down -1.4% instead of up +8.3%. All of these stocks are AI leaders and each of them is an institutional stock. Yet, I believe the retail investor will come into the market and when they do, it is stocks like PMED for which they have always had an appetite. C. I think investors will get more bang for their buck by investing in a small company like Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF) with a total commitment to AI. From a base market cap of $16.6 million and, as I have pointed out in recent reports, many different business verticals to get them higher, I see PMED as a unique opportunity for aggressive growth investors. It is hard to imagine any decade having more of an impact on the ensuring socio-economic decades than the 1990s. Imagine your activities today without your cellphone, Internet, email and texting. I expect the cycle driven by AI to be a long one, similar to the dot-com cycle that lasted longer than the decade of the 1990s. To the right is a chart published by Luke Lango’s Hypergrowth Investing. It shows the stock market in the 1990s and overlays current results. The parallels Lango sees include: • Federal Reserve’s tight money policy slowed economic growth in 1990 as it is doing currently. • In 1990, the markets were down around 20% and in 2022 stocks dropped around 25%. • In late 1990, the Fed started reducing interest rates and the markets rebounded. • In late 2022, the Fed has turned less hawkish and into 2023 has slowed the pace of interest rate increases. The markets have been recovering. • In the early 1990’s, the dot-com stock market rally began and the market would advance generally higher for the rest of the decade and into the new millennium. • Today, it is Artificial Intelligence that is pushing stocks higher and given my expectations for AI, it could stock prices higher until at least 2030. Conclusion: I believe Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF) is exceptionally well positioned to participate in the upcoming boom in Artificial Intelligence. There are many different ways to describe market cycles that evolve around such drivers. Here is mine: Accumulation: the earliest buyers tend to be larger institutions that gain the information necessary to be early adopter. I have given several statistics to show this has been happening. Retail Participation/Speculation: as the story gains acceptance, less experienced investors enter the market and prices begin to rise more quickly. After two to three years of combined buying by large and small investors, it is possible to identify speculative activities such as very rapid increases in a stock price or underwritings of companies based on questionable valuations. This is the next phase I see ahead for the current AI cycle. Distribution/Sale: At some point, toward the end of the Retail Participation/Speculation phase, some investors will begin to sell. It is popular to believe that institutional investors or “smart money” sell at this stage. During the many years, I have spent in the investment business, this is not true. Institutions can hold on to their AI stocks for far too long and end up seeing their portfolios incinerated. This is still many years away. The challenge today with a stock like PMED is not getting out; it is getting in. Bear Market: eventually there will be a broad sell-off of AI stocks. Some institutions will sell without regard for their impact on the market. Margin buyers will get margin calls and may be forced to sell again without regard to price. At this time, over half of the AI companies trading at that time will simply disappear. Some will be successful but remain smaller. Some will merge with another AI company. Some will be acquired. Very few will survive and become leaders in the industries. They will become the Alphabets, Amazons, Metas, Microsofts, Nvidias, and Oracles of the 2040s and 2050s. I started out with the quote “History doesn’t repeat itself, but it often rhymes.” So I don’t think the AI cycle of the 2020s will be the same as the high-tech cycle of the 1990s but I think it will be similar. If you agree, Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF) is a stock to buy for your portfolio.

I’m hitting a wall and I fear I’m wasting my life away by trying to play it too carefully. I’m a 31yo guy in the midwest earning $90k salary using my degree. My degree typically does not earn this much and I came from a lower middle class family, so the security is valuable to me. I’ve been with this company for 7 years and it was my first job out of college. I recently received a stipend-based senior role ($3k/yr pre-tax). I’m not particularly happy at this job, but I wouldn’t want to do this type of work anywhere else.
My dream job/goal in life is becoming a feature film animator. I avoided going to college for this because of the expense. I went through an online course in 2018-2020 and learned the fundamentals of the craft (spent roughly $12k on this over the timeframe). It wasn’t enough to get a job. Since 2020, I’ve applied to 79 different job postings. I’ve received one offer to do a test for a company, which did not result in an interview and I’ve had one interview which did not result in a job. These were good companies that had shown interest in me. The friends I made from my classes at the online course have landed jobs with the big studios. I don’t believe this is too much of a pipe-dream, but it does require some more work and discipline on my end. I’ve been in a lul for a year or two now and haven’t really pursued the craft, even though I haven’t given up on the dream in my head. I feel like my job is really sucking the life out of me and I rarely do anything productive in my off time. I don’t have a partner or kids, but I do have a dog. I can take supplementary courses learning from industry professionals which usually last 6-12 weeks and can cost anywhere from $750-$1500.
I have also recently started a house hunt. I currently pay $1000 in rent for a 2bd/1ba townhouse. Rent has only changed once, from $900-$1000, last year. I’ve been preapproved for $205k and have up to $20k cash to put down. I don’t think I am the most competitive candidate, but I wanted to be ready if the right thing came up, and the pre-approval lasts for 6 months.
I feel like I’m being torn in two directions (dreaming vs settling) or worse, losing any sense of direction entirely. Any advice would be appreciated. I feel like I’ve already annoyed my friends and family enough with this and would appreciate some objective, outsider thoughts.
Let me know if more information would help. Thanks in advance.

Hi,
It is as the title indicate, I'm looking for a web novel or light novel recommendation. I have been trying for weeks now to find something new to read but the continuous trial and error is just too taxing.
I have been reading web/light novels for a while now, I have read around 50+ titles around 15 to completion, and here are some novels that I return to when I don't have anything to read:

• LOTM - it was an interesting world, and I like how the world is being built piece by piece, I also like that our MC is on average logical and is quiet smart. I love that there are multiple types of beyonder with different power, like they are adventurer with different classes
• Release that witch - I like the city building aspect of it, and I like how MC's people and subordinate is loyal to him. It also excites me when he acquires new sources of power like when there is a new witch, and how it will impact the country's progress.
• Trash of the Count's Family - I love that MC have loyal subordinates that he cares for and cares for him deeply. I like that his logical and smart, and I like to collection of ancient powers
• Return of Mount Hua Sect - I like how our MC builds and strengthen his group, I also like that his powerful yet still in a logical realm of progression

Some other reads that I did not finished:

• Reverend Insanity (Read up to 100+ chapters) - I love how logical the MC and the other characters are, this is the level of character intelligence that I like. Dropped it because MC just can't fucking catch a break, which is logical because he does things that classifies as evil, and is getting pressured for it. But still, I don't like constant stress on my part, just give me a chapter or two of breathing room
• Birth of the Demonic Sword (Read up to 700+ chapters) - love the action and the MC's behavior and mindset. Dropped it because the cultivation system became too confusing and hard to imagine and connect to
• Martial World (Read up to 1,200+ chapters) - Disclaimer: this is my first web novel and I just like that it's a power novel. Dropped it because it became too stressful to read, with so much chasing the MC, it also became a bit repetitive. I still enjoy power novel though, as long is it's not too cliché
• Shadow Slave (Read up to 100+ chapters) - I like his unique power and his a bit smart. Dropped it because of the whiplash brought by the sudden time skip, I just felt lost
• My Vampire System (Read up to 900+ chapters) - I like the concept. I enjoyed MC's powers and his unique attribute. Dropped it because MC just did not improve mentally, his still thinks and acts like a child despite being powerful and responsible for many people

And I think that summarizes my taste. If you would be so kind, please recommend at most 5 web/light novels that you think I might like or just those that you I like. I'll give it a shot. Thank you so much!

Pics
For sale:

1. Tube of 25 1998 Maples without privy - quite a low mintage - $900
2. Tube of 15 Snow Falcons (each coin is 1.5oz) - $787
3. 5 x 2oz Kraken - $80 each
4. 5 x 2oz Werewolf - $80 each
   1. Take a set of 1 Kraken + 1 Werewolf - $155
   2. Take all 10 coins (5 Krakens, 5 Werewolves) - $750
5. 2 x Superman Maple - $SOLD each
6. A set of 2019 Maples, 1 regular, 1 incuse - $SOLD
7. Baller offer - take all the 🍁metal (71.5 67.5oz) for $2425 shipped in a priority box

Shipping: will ship to lower 48 for $4 First class or $10 Priority box (both with tracking), or however else you want.
Payment: Crypto (USDC/USDT/DAI only), PayPal FF (no comments), Venmo (no comments), Google Pay (no comments - I sense a trend here 🙂).
I package well, and ship fast, but don't take my word for it - please look at me hundreds of feedbacks.
If you have any questions, or suggestions, please PM. Otherwise, enjoy the rest of your Sunday, and thanks for looking!!!

Hey all, this is the final part of my Mid-Season Prospect Rankings. Part 1 is here.. Part 2 is here.Part 3 is here.
All stats are as of June 3 unless noted otherwise.
Rankings 10-1

• 10 – Tekoah Roby (prev. 16) - I’m really liking his year so far, despite so-so numbers. Hidden behind the mediocre 5.05 ERA is 50 strikeouts to 12 walks in 46.1 innings, a 3.88 FIP, and a .349 BABIP that’s sure to fall. Looking at his last 4 starts and you see a 2.08 ERA, with a .164 BAA and 19 Ks to 4 walks in 17.1 innings. It looks like he’s made adjustments, but unfortunately left last night’s game in the 2nd with some sort of injury. Let’s pray. Regardless, look at Tepid’s Twitter and he really likes posting videos of Roby and his stuff. The 2020 3rd Rounder turns 22 in September, so if he’s healthy he could be an interesting guy to consider for the rotation late next year or in 2025.
  
• 9 – Kumar Rocker (prev. 9) - It’s really too bad the 23-year-old Kumar succumbed to needing Tommy John since he was having probably the best start to the season of anyone in the minors except Stephan. Last year’s #3 overall pick just reached the MLB Top 100 with 42 Ks to 7 walks in 28 innings in Hickory. Up until his last start he was also putting up 0s, but it seems his last inning something was bothering his arm, and it forced him to give up all 5 runs of the outing, blowing his ERA up to 3.86. Weirdly Kumar’s given up all 12 of his earned runs in 3 isolated innings, the remainder 25 have been 0s. Unfortunately he’s shelved for a year plus, so expect him to be parked here in the 9 spot for the remainder of the year, or at least until this year’s draft pushes him to 10 when we select our #4 pick. Hopefully he’s still a starter when he returns in 2024, likely with Frisco.
  
• 8 – Aaron Zavala (prev. 12) - I forgot which podcast said this, but it seems Zavala doesn’t have much trade value due to his spinal tumor issue and his injury risk. That’s fine, we could use a great-hitting corner outfielder. The 2nd rounder from 2021 has done nothing but that in between injury stints. With perhaps the best hit tool in the org, Zavala has put up an .817 OPS in 200 PAs in Frisco over the last two years, although he's had a bit of a slow start this year. Great walk rate, pretty good corner defense, could use a bit of work on power and baserunning, but overall solid all around. Stay healthy, and he has a decent shot at a platoon or 4th outfielder next year or more than that beyond then.
  
• 7 – Dustin Harris (prev. 7) - Harris is basically at the same level as Zavala, but trade Zavala's defense for Harris's baserunning. He was the second piece in the Mike Minor trade with Oakland in 2020, but Harris quickly vaulted into the org’s Top 10. After a struggle to start this year, Harris has battled back to a .778 OPS for the year, 21 stolen bases, and 17.1% walk rate. His main issue is he plays so-so defense, mainly getting by in corner outfield and first base. If he keeps up the speed and strike zone control he will be a valuable piece in the majors someday, wether with the Rangers in 2024 sometime or with another team if he’s part of a trade package.
  
• 6 – Justin Foscue (prev. 6) - another guy who is a bonkers hitter but his defense is left a lot be desired. The Rangers first round pick from 2020 has been "moderately" successful climbing the minor league ranks. In Round Rock this year he is absolutely on fire. 7 homers, 25 RBIs, 34 walks in 51 games lead to a .909 OPS. He’s started to play multiple infield positions for what I would assume to be showcasing for trades, or to find him a spot on the major league team for 2024. Wouldn’t be surprised if he ends up the starting DH for the Rangers next year.
  
• 5 – Luisangel Acuna (prev. 4) - I’m not as high on Acuna as others, mainly due to the scouting report noting his inability to hit breaking balls. The brother of the likely NL MVP this year was signed in the 2019 interntaional FA class and has continued to impress going up the ranks, reaching Frisco last year at only age 20. This year he has hit at an .781 OPS in 42 games, walks a good amount (10.4%) and is quick on the basepaths (20 steals with 0 caught stealing). His ability to play the middle infield positions including shortstop will keep him high on this list as long as he keeps hitting (so pitchers, keep throwing him fastballs to smoke). Unfortunately he’s blocked on the major league team by both Semien and Seager, so it’ll take a major injury to give him play. He’s also on the 40-man already, which will only continue to crowd at the end of the year. It seems likely Acuna is the most likely prospect to be traded at this point. Considering he probably has the highest value of the non-untouchables, I think it should be considered.
  
• 4 – Brock Porter (prev. 8) - I continue to be more and more impressed by this kid the more he pitches. After a rough first outing for Down East, last year’s 4th round pick (who, let’s be real, had the talent to be a first rounder for any other team) responded with 8 starts of near-flawlessness: 29.1 innings, 2 earned runs, 41 strikeouts, .119 BAA. His totals for the year: 30.1 innings, 0.89 ERA, .126 BAA, 42 Ks, 33.9% strikeout rate. The only thing you can dock him for at this point is the 17 walks , but even that’s improving over his last few starts. While he doesn’t need to be rushed since he just turned 20 yesterday, I he has another month like he did May, you’d have to think he’d be moved up to Hickory to get challenged for the remainder of the year. I’d like to put him in the untouchable category if so.
  
• 3 – Jack Leiter (prev. 3) - I went back and forth between him and White as to who to put at 2 and 3. I gave the edge to the guy who I think would be more likely to impact the major league team this year. Nevertheless, after a rough 2022, Jack continued to struggle in April. Then, something must’ve flipped a switch in his brain in his last April start; the #2 overall pick in the 2021 draft acted like his draft position, started re-attacking the zone, and found success again. His numbers for May: 27 innings, 1.67 ERA, .148 BAA, .515 OPSA, 33 Ks. The walks are still pretty high but miles better than where he was in April. It seems obvious he shouldn’t have started last year in Frisco, but looks like he’s now finally adjusted to the Texas League. Wouldn’t be surprised if he saw the PCL at some point, all to prep him for a crack at next year’s rotation (although he’s definitely not the favorite quite yet.)
  
• 2 – Owen White (prev. 5) - White has gone through so many injuries over the years, including some of his own doing, punching the ground in frustration after a start. The 2nd rounder from 2018’s draft began his first 40-man option year a bit late, but has done fine in Frisco, with a 4.08 ERA in 10 starts. The concern is that his walks are slightly up and his strikeouts are down significantly. A bit of a rough May has put a damper on his season so far, but it’ll take more than one month of struggles for me to drop him. The Top 100 prospect in MLB turns 24 in August and is already on his first option, so it’s kinda almost go time for Owen. Put up or shut up, that's what Barfight White needs to do.
  
• 1 – Evan Carter (prev. 2) - would it really be anyone else? The Top 10 prospect in all of baseball lands at #1 on my list after Jung’s graduation, and has continued to impress at only 20 years of age. A scorching April (1.043 OPS in 92 PAs) has gave way to a cooled off May (.614 OPS in 102 PAs). Sounds like he was hit on the hand on a pickoff throw in early May and that might’ve been affecting his game. He’s currently on the development list for what I assume is just rest for his hand. If he can get back to what he was doing in April I could see him moving up to Round Rock very quickly, with a very good shot at being the opening day LF or CF for the major league team next year. It’s possible, but now less likely he gets the call up for our potential playoff run this year, but I wouldn’t hold my breath with how great Leody and Duran are playing this year. Nevertheless, there are still very high hopes for Carter. The 2nd rounder from 2020, who apparently nobody except Ranger scouts had even heard of at the time, has done nothing but prove doubters wrong. Great hit tool, great baserunning, great outfield defense at any position, power…just okay. I can’t wait to see this guy in a Rangers uniform.
  

That’s all for my Prospect Rankings. Again, I’m no expert, I’m just a guy who has too much free time to look at minor league box scores and listen to Diamond Pod and Rangers Today Baseball Pod.
As a recap, here are my Top 50 together, which I’ve adjusted again since a few days ago. So don’t call me out for it being different than before already, I’m changing my mind as I go.
Honorable mention - Ryan Garcia (SP, Frisco), Jayce Easley (utility OF, Hickory), Avery Weems (SP/RP, hurt with Tommy John, changed to drop out of Top 50 to squeeze Anderson in), JP Martinez (OF, Round Rock and Frisco), Dylan McLean (SP/RP, Down East), Josh Gessner (SP/RP, Down East), Davis Wendzel (utility IF, Round Rock)
50-41 - Luis Valdez (SP, Down East, newest on list), Echedry Vargas (IF, complex league), Chris Seise (SS, Frisco), Luis Ramirez (SP/RP, Down East), Grant Anderson (RP, Round Rock and the Majors), Abi Ortiz (1B/DH, Hickory), Aidan Curry (SP, Down East), Tucker Mitchell (C/DH, Hickory), Chandler Pollard (OF, complex league), Cody Freeman (C, Hickory)
40-31 - Alex Speas (RP, Frisco), Marcos Torres (OF, complex league), Tommy Specht (OF, Down East), Ian Moller (C, Down East), Jose Corniell (SP, Down East), Winston Santos (SP, Hickory), Trevor Hauver (utility OF, Frisco), Yosy Galan (OF, Down East), Larson Kindreich (SP, Hickory, dropped ranking down due to very recent performance), Alejandro Osuna (OF, Hickory)
30-21 - Sebastian Walcott (SS, complex league), Blaine Crim (corner infielder, Round Rock), Cam Cauley (SS, Down East, raised up ranking due to very recent performance), Chase Lee (RP, Round Rock), Danyer Cueva (IF, Down East), Dane Acker (SP, Hickory), Antoine Kelly (RP, Frisco), Jonathan Ornelas (SS/utility IF, Round Rock), Emiliano Teodo (SP/RP, Hickory), Gleider Figuerero (3B, Down East)
20-11 - Cole Winn (SP, Round Rock), Josh Stephan (SP, Hickory), Zak Kent (SP, Round Rock, injured), Marc Church (RP, Round Rock), Maximo Acosta (SS, Hickory), Cody Bradford (SP, Round Rock and the Majors), Mitch Bratt (SP, Hickory), Yeison Morrobel (OF, Down East), Anthony Gutierrez (OF, Down East), Thomas Saggese (2B/3B, Frisco)
10-1 - Tekoah Roby (SP, Frisco), Kumar Rocker (SP, Tommy John), Aaron Zavala (OF, Frisco), Dustin Harris (corner OF/corner IF, Frisco), Justin Foscue (IF, Round Rock), Luisangel Acuna (SS, Frisco), Brock Porter (SP, Down East), Jack Leiter (SP, Frisco), Owen White (SP, Frisco), Evan Carter (OF, Frisco)
Thanks for coming to my TED Talk!

Introduction

I started learning Japanese on March 22 2023. At the time of writing, It has been about 70-80 days since. Currently I would place myself at N3 level. I became very inspired to study Japanese after (a) visiting Niseko (Hokkaido) and (b) reading a post on Reddit about someone who claims to pass N1 from zero in 8.5 months.
The purpose of this post is to offer (a) alternative perspectives to learning Japanese, (b) prove that it is possible to learn quickly, (c) challenge some of the existing recommendations. This post is part one out of eight articles detailing my journey to N1 from zero in 8 months. Disclaimer, this post will be very long and ranty!
This post will cover some of the study techniques and experiments I’ve conducted for the first month, as well as the results of my experimentation and insights. As for the elephant in the room, I’m currently studying N3 after 60+ days into my Japanese learning journey. I’m sure many are skeptical or might presume that I have bad mastery of N5 and N4 content, but by the end of the post, I’m confident that I would have responded to them.

Prior Knowledge

I started watching anime since Naruto. I think that was 15 years ago. I’m not particularly obsessed with Japanese culture but I do follow the mainstream anime like Bleach, Tokyo Ghoul, My Hero Academia, Attack on Titan, and most recently Demon Slayer. So I do possess 15 years of acclimatising to the sound of Japanese anime speech. However my Vocab is very limited. I know how to count from 1-99, konnichiwa and itadakemasu, and a couple more words that I might remember if I was prompted. I also know the hand signs from Naruto. Apart from that, I consider myself truly zero in Japanese knowledge.

While your brain can only hold 7-9 items in the short term memory at once, it does not mean you cannot study more than 9 items in a day.

I see most people on Reddit recommending 15-20 new cards on Anki. Personally I think this pace is way too slow, especially for the beginner. Most typical N5 vocab deck would have about 600-700 cards. 15cards/day means that it would take 40-50 days just to see all the cards. I also came across a study that says our short term brain cannot store more than 9 items at a time. This would seem to support support the recommendation of 15-20 vocabulary cards a day. While reading Moonwalking with Einstein, a book on the capabilities of the human memory, I read about a story of a guy who could draw the landscape of New York with shocking precision after flying pass the city on a helicopter once. The book also hinted at the idea that we possess some form of photographic memory.
And so, i tried to do about 50-100 new cards a day. Within 10 days, I’ve seen all the N5 Vocab. Around day 15 or so, i became concerned that cramming so many words in a day would mean that the retention rate will be low. So I tested myself on those 700 words and I think I got about 85% correct.
Personally i was very happy with that score. I thought I could do a lot worse. So clearly, trying to learn 100 new cards a day wasn’t detrimental to retention rate (I will address my thoughts on burnout on a later point). What is happening?
My hypothesis is that while we can’t store more 6-9 items in our short term memory, it doesn’t mean that when we study our 10th,11th, 20th or 100th item, our brain would completely reject the input. You are still imprinting something onto the brain. What this means is that while you should not expect to see a word once and remember it forever, it says nothing about the upper limit of how many words you can simultaneously start on the first stage of the SRS system. We all know that SRS takes time to turn short term memory into long term memory. It could take weeks or a few months. But if we can start 100 words on the SRS system vs 15-20 words, and there is no significant cost to doing more words, then starting 100 new cards a day will bring us to our destination much faster.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

When you read about many people agreeing that 15-20 new Anki card a day is a good pace, or that it takes 300-500 hours to pass N5, then it sets the expectation of what is normal. The reason I was able to Master N5 in approximately 150-200 hours and learn all its vocab a couple of weeks is because I did not pay attention to what other people can achieve.

How I use Anki

From my survey on Reddit, it seems that people get overwhelm by the amount of reviews on Anki. And I think this reveals that the are doing reviews differently from how I do it.
When I do my Anki reviews, I only entertain two state of minds when marking the flash cards. The first is I know the answer (the answer pops into my brain instantaneously) and the second is I don’t know the answer (mind is blank). I do not try to recall the answer. Recalling takes time. If I try to recall the answer, it might take me upwards of a minute or two to remember it (and even then, I might still be wrong). Instead i like my Anki reviews to be snappy. It feels like I take about a fraction of a second to answer my Anki cards, although the Anki statistics tells me that I take 4second per card. Still fast either way. At 4s/card I can do 900 reviews in one hour.
Next is how I use Easy, Good, Again and Hard. The rule of thumb is to be more liberal than strict. I try to use Easy, instead of Good as much as I can because I don’t want my reviews to pile up. I almost never use Hard even if I get the card completely wrong. Speaking of reviews pilling up, we need to define what marking an Anki item as Good or Easy means to me.
For a lot of people it means aiming for perfection. That means that the person only click Easy or Good if his answer exactly matches the back side of the card. For myself I set an extremely low bar, as long the vague feeling of what I think the answer is somewhat matches the answer on the back side, I’m happy to give it a Good at least. Why? Because it’s the nature of Anki or SRS system to return cards you previously click Easy and Good. I don’t have to worry about being too forgiving on myself and being ignorant about the fact because I can always count on the card to return eventually. And if I a card I previously marked as Good, came back, and feels difficult, I would then make a mental note to study it in greater detail. Secondly, a lot of the 700 words in a typical N5 vocab deck are so common that you will encounter them all the time in the wild. This is called organic or natural SRS. If you are strict on your Anki at this stage, it can be quite an overkill in hindsight. Of course it may not feel like an overkill in the beginning because you are still gettting cards wrong.

Burnt out

Okay what about burnout. Surely I might be overdoing it, and wouldn’t burnout eventually catch up to me. Yes and no. I think the phenomenon of burnout is highly exaggerated. I don’t like to use the word burnt out whenever I’m feeling “burnt out” because it has a lot of negative connotations and because negative connotations can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Instead, I prefer to use the phrase, “I’m tired now”. I kind of compare myself to Shonen protagonists where there’s this big villain coming up and then some special training to level up. The special training is usually quite intense, and sometimes dangerous, and they will eventually be quite tired by the end of the training. But these protagonists always reemerge stronger with new abilities and can now overcome stronger foes.
Similarly, whenever I study too much, I would just acknowledge that I’m tired, watch some anime and something different. I’m usually okay by the next morning. I attribute my ability to resist burn out my thoughts and attitude.

Consistency, multimodality learning, and resourcefulness

I only believe in one kind of consistency, and that is that you have to show up almost every day. But I don’t believe in the kind of consistency that requires me to be on a 365-day Anki/wanikani/immersion streak. This is also one factor that helps to protect burn out. When I feel like doing textbook learning, that’s what I’m going to do. If want to do pure Bunpro and Anki for the next 3 days without reading any textbook, that’s what I’ll do.
I also believe in the idea of multimodality learning. I use everything at my disposal:
All the textbooks (Genki, Minna no nihongo, Tae Kim)
YouTube videos (Misa ammo, game gengo, tokiniandy)
Podcast
Songs
Doing active immersion with anime
Changing my phone language to Japanese (this one unfortunately is a bad advice. I recommend to stay away from this if you are still at N5)
Posters
Instagram and TikTok accounts of Japanese tutors
Websites (tofugu, human Japanese, Japanese tutors’ blogs)
Apps (wanikani, language reactor, bunpro)
Japanese grammar dictionaries
Assessment books
Discord or Reddit or forums
Japanese classes
There’s often this debate on which is better, Genki vs Minna vs Tae kim. If cost or ability to procure them is not an issue, why not use all of them? It’s okay to have one source as your primary source. Mine was Genki 1. But when I wanted to understand a nuance that Genki does not explain well enough, I’ll usually consult my other sources. And if I’m bored of Genki, I can easily switch to Tae Kim, for a change of scenery. If I don’t feel like reading, Misa or Tokiniandy is there for me.
My observation is that many people are usually only using one modality to acquire a new skill. This is causing their journey to be unnecessarily monotonous.

Sloppy learning and conjugations

One very integral component of the Japanese language is conjugation. It’s especially important for the N5. Conjugations can allow you to express many meaning in Japanese. Learning how to conjugate accurately is going to be a struggle for any beginner(think godan and ichidan verbs and conjugating to masu, te, negative forms, etc).
A lot of Japanese textbook and assessment will make you do drills. I skipped all of them. Rather than trying to brute force your way to memorizing conjugations I employ a technique called sloppy learning(this phrase is borrowed from “Japan Like A Breeze” on patreon). I define sloppy learning as learning just enough to acquire the essence of the concept.
For example, ,whether the verbs is in its polite form, short form, negative form or past tense form etc, can be easily recognised by looking at the last few syllabus of a word. If a words end on a “ta”, it must be past tense form. If it ends on a “masu” it must be the polite/long form. This concept can literally be understood in 5 mins.
Thus for me. When conjugating oyogu (泳ぐ）into past tense form, I just conjugate it as oyogu-ta (oyogu +ta) Or sometimes oyota. Now oyota is wrong of course. But that’s all I need at this stage. I desire to understand Japanese, not to get full marks on conjugation drill table. You must always try to look at the big picture. Trying to do well on conjugation drills is an opportunity cost. Ultimately one needs to judge what is worth spending effort on. Hence the idea of sloppy learning is to be deliberate about what to focus on.
Once I can consistently remember that masu means polite and ta meant past, this is where I try to conjugate them correctly. Conjugations is difficult because they all don’t behave like ru verbs. You cannot simply drop the ru at the end of a word and append ta or masu to them. Oyogu for example doesn’t even have a ru ending.
The path I chose was to hope that I can organically (I like this word a lot, but it also sometimes means magically) , know how to conjugate correctly one day. And to a certain extent I acquired some intuition on conjugations without any active involvement from my part. I soon became aware that if a word ends in a gu or a ku, then instead of a ta, it might be ita or ida.
The break through came on day 35. When I couldn’t endure the fact that I wasn’t able to magically acquire conjugation intuition for free. So i goggled “why are godan verbs conjugate the way they are”. And Tofugu came to the rescue.
Essentially they introduced three concepts (a) double consanent with small tsu, (b) assimilation with n, and (c)consonant removal. After that article, conjugating became a breeze. In hindsight, my ability to conjugate only costed me the time to read one tofugu article (and one month of passively intuiting the conjugation patterns) Because I did not spend time on conjugation drills, i was able to progress to the other grammatical points in Genki 1. I didn’t remain stuck in one place for too long.And this is another aspect of sloppy learning. You learn just enough to move on to the next level, you don’t aim for perfection.
Your brain can’t do everything at once. Your brain cannot remember that masu means polite form, and all the rules for conjugating verbs to masu in one sitting. If you try to do that, you can remain stuck, despite already understanding the general idea of conjugation. Better to move on and let the intuition develop. If you judge that the intuition is not going to progress or progress quickly enough, you can always intervene later by supplementing with new knowledge.

Mnemonics when I get something wrong too often

Often there will be a vocab or grammar point that I always can’t seem to latch on. No vague feelings, no guesses, just an empty mind. When this happens, it can be a scary feeling. It may feel like you are not good enough.
Really the solution is very simple. Just add one more inferential step. When I first encountered the word bengoshi（弁護士） , my mind does not produce any intuition or pictures or feelings. What I did was to create a mnemonic, a story. How to relate a lawyer to the sound ben go shi? I managed to came up with “when the judge announces his judgement, the bench(jury) goes “shhhh””Sorry, I know it’s really bad. But when I created that story, bengoshi never stumped me again.I’ve seen a lot of criticism of mnemonics that I don’t agree with

1. ‘they are not for me”>>I’ve seen people said that Anki is not for me. Srs is not for me. While I believe in individual differences and effectiveness in different methodologies, I feel that sometimes people decide too quickly what is or isn’t for them. What is optimal may first have a learning curve in the beginning. And instead of saying that something is not for me and moving on to the next thing, we need to consider if it isn’t we ourselves that should change to make it fit for us.
2. “If I’m trying to memorize something, how does adding more things to remember help. Now I not only have to remember the word, but I need to remember the story to remember the word.”>> Between a story and a random string of number “89779012879” , the brain can remember the short story more easily than the string of number despite the story consisting of more words. It’s just how our brain works.

​

On active immersion

Active immersion means trying to pick up words or trying to understand what is being said in Japanese media like anime or novels. Passive immersion means enjoying the content without really worrying about improving your Japanese.
On day 21 I tried active immersion with Weathering with You. I came to the conclusion that active immersion is not efficient for the new learner. I can imagine myself doing a lot of sentence mining and active immersion in the future (spoiler, I’m now on day 70-80 and I’m immersing a lot more now). But definitely a hard no for me to recommend new comers as the only and primary form of learning Japanese.

Why textbook learning and structural learning is important for fast gains.

Textbook learning is great for fast gains because it prioritises for you. Textbooks are not prepared by a random person. They are usually prepared while respecting certain pedagogical principles in mind by a team of qualified academics. While appealing to authority doesn’t make it correct, we should at least be cognisant that the textbooks might be doing a few things right.
One of those pedagogical principles is incremental or progressive learning. Building knowledge upon what was previously learnt.
Another principle is foundational concepts. A textbook will usually introduce foundational concepts that act as a scaffold for everything else as early as possible. And because textbook learning is progressive, it means that the difficulty is always going to feel just about right. In active immersion the difficulty can be wild because it does not respect your level of Japanese proficiency.
​

Completing N5 in 30 days.

In this 30 days, I was not only learning Japanese, but also learning how to learn. They call it building a plane while flying it hahahah. The principles outlined here helped me to finish N5 content at an insane rate. I was spending about 6-8 hours a day on Japanese (in chunks). So one point not stated here is time. There's no way around time investment.
On the 30th day I did a lot of mock tests and I performed quite well (80-90% correct).When I started on N4 on day 31, I was really surprised by the bump in difficulty. I gave myself 30 days to clear N4. That was the hardest 30 days in my Japanese learning journey. I’m fact I had a better time when I was studying for N3 on day 65 onwards. In my next post I’ll share why N4 was harder than N5 and N3 for me and share some more insights. Hope this has been helpful in offering new perspectives. Thank you for reading this long rant of mine.
There are also quite a few things missing in this post, namely

1. my studying regime for the first 30 day
2. the kanji problem (this one i struggled to settle on a study method. i was trying a lot of different strategies)
3. the psychological lived experience of studying japanese. the truth is, there is another battlefield happening in the mind realm. i often have self doubt and fear creeping. knowing how to address them is essential to a happy journey.
4. engaging in the larger conversation between Taekim, Curedolly, Refold, All japanese all the time, Moeway, immersion schools of thought, matt vs japan etc etc. I feel that a lot of my fundamental beleifs regarding where i stand can be glimpsed in this post. but i want to make my beliefs explict.

I will try to share more in the next post. If you have any questions on the specifics, I'll be there at the comment section ^^

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The Airbus A300 is a wide-body airliner developed and manufactured by Airbus. In September 1967, aircraft manufacturers in the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany signed a memorandum of understanding to develop a large airliner. West Germany and France reached an agreement on 29 May 1969 after the British withdrew from the project on 10 April 1969. European collaborative aerospace manufacturer Airbus Industrie was formally created on 18 December 1970 to develop and produce it. The prototype first flew on 28 October 1972.
The first twin-engine widebody airliner, the A300 typically seats 247 passengers in two classes over a range of 5,375 to 7,500 km (2,900 to 4,050 nmi). Initial variants are powered by General Electric CF6-50 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D turbofans and have a three-crew flight deck. The improved A300-600 has a two-crew cockpit and updated CF6-80C2 or PW4000 engines; it made its first flight on 8 July 1983 and entered service later that year. The A300 is the basis of the smaller A310 (first flown in 1982) and was adapted in a freighter version. Its cross section was retained for the larger four-engined A340 (1991) and the larger twin-engined A330 (1992). It is also the basis for the oversize Beluga transport (1994).
Launch customer Air France introduced the type on 23 May 1974. After limited demand initially, sales took off as the type was proven in early service, beginning three decades of steady orders. It has a similar capacity to the Boeing 767-300, introduced in 1986, but lacked the 767-300ER range. During the 1990s, the A300 became popular with cargo aircraft operators, as both passenger airliner conversions and as original builds. Production ceased in July 2007 after 561 deliveries. As of March 2023, there were 228 A300 family aircraft in commercial service.
Origins:
During the 1960s, European aircraft manufacturers such as Hawker Siddeley and the British Aircraft Corporation, based in the UK, and Sud Aviation of France, had ambitions to build a new 200-seat airliner for the growing civil aviation market. While studies were performed and considered, such as a stretched twin-engine variant of the Hawker Siddeley Trident and an expanded development of the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) One-Eleven, designated the BAC Two-Eleven, it was recognized that if each of the European manufacturers were to launch similar aircraft into the market at the same time, neither would achieve sales volume needed to make them viable.[2] In 1965, a British government study, known as the Plowden Report, had found British aircraft production costs to be between 10% and 20% higher than American counterparts due to shorter production runs, which was in part due to the fractured European market. To overcome this factor, the report recommended the pursuit of multinational collaborative projects between the region's leading aircraft manufacturers.[3]: 49 [4][5]: 2–13
European manufacturers were keen to explore prospective programs; the proposed 260-seat wide-body HBN 100 between Hawker Siddeley, Nord Aviation, and Breguet Aviation being one such example.[2][6]: 37–38 National governments were also keen to support such efforts amid a belief that American manufacturers could dominate the European Economic Community;[7] in particular, Germany had ambitions for a multinational airliner project to invigorate its aircraft industry, which had declined considerably following the Second World War.[3]: 49–50 During the mid-1960s, both Air France and American Airlines had expressed interest in a short-haul twin-engine wide-body aircraft, indicating a market demand for such an aircraft to be produced.[3][8] In July 1967, during a high-profile meeting between French, German, and British ministers, an agreement was made for greater cooperation between European nations in the field of aviation technology, and "for the joint development and production of an airbus".[2][9]: 34 The word airbus at this point was a generic aviation term for a larger commercial aircraft, and was considered acceptable in multiple languages, including French.[9]: 34
Shortly after the July 1967 meeting, French engineer Roger Béteille was appointed as the technical director of what would become the A300 program, while Henri Ziegler, chief operating office of Sud Aviation, was appointed as the general manager of the organization and German politician Franz Josef Strauss became the chairman of the supervisory board.[2] Béteille drew up an initial work share plan for the project, under which French firms would produce the aircraft's cockpit, the control systems, and lower-center portion of the fuselage, Hawker Siddeley would manufacture the wings, while German companies would produce the forward, rear and upper part of the center fuselage sections. Addition work included moving elements of the wings being produced in the Netherlands, and Spain producing the horizontal tail plane.[2][6]: 38
An early design goal for the A300 that Béteille had stressed the importance of was the incorporation of a high level of technology, which would serve as a decisive advantage over prospective competitors. As such, the A300 would feature the first use of composite materials of any passenger aircraft, the leading and trailing edges of the tail fin being composed of glass fibre reinforced plastic.[5]: 2–16 [10] Béteille opted for English as the working language for the developing aircraft, as well against using Metric instrumentation and measurements, as most airlines already had US-built aircraft.[10] These decisions were partially influenced by feedback from various airlines, such as Air France and Lufthansa, as an emphasis had been placed on determining the specifics of what kind of aircraft that potential operators were seeking. According to Airbus, this cultural approach to market research had been crucial to the company's long-term success.[10]
Workshare and redefinition:
On 26 September 1967, the British, French, and West German governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding to start development of the 300-seat Airbus A300.[6]: 38 [11]: 43 [12]: 57 At this point, the A300 was only the second major joint aircraft programme in Europe, the first being the Anglo-French Concorde.[9] Under the terms of the memorandum, Britain and France were each to receive a 37.5 per cent work share on the project, while Germany received a 25 per cent share. Sud Aviation was recognized as the lead company for A300, with Hawker Siddeley being selected as the British partner company.[2] At the time, the news of the announcement had been clouded by the British Government's support for the Airbus, which coincided with its refusal to back BAC's proposed competitor, the BAC 2–11, despite a preference for the latter expressed by British European Airways (BEA).[9]: 34 Another parameter was the requirement for a new engine to be developed by Rolls-Royce to power the proposed airliner; a derivative of the in-development Rolls-Royce RB211, the triple-spool RB207, capable of producing of 47,500 lbf (211 kN).[13] The program cost was US$4.6 billion (in 1993 Dollars).[14]
​
In December 1968, the French and British partner companies (Sud Aviation and Hawker Siddeley) proposed a revised configuration, the 250-seat Airbus A250. It had been feared that the original 300-seat proposal was too large for the market, thus it had been scaled down to produce the A250.[5]: 2–14 [8][15] The dimensional changes involved in the shrink reduced the length of the fuselage by 5.62 metres (18.4 ft) and the diameter by 0.8 metres (31 in), reducing the overall weight by 25 tonnes (55,000 lb).[10][16]: 16 For increased flexibility, the cabin floor was raised so that standard LD3 freight containers could be accommodated side-by-side, allowing more cargo to be carried. Refinements made by Hawker Siddeley to the wing's design provided for greater lift and overall performance; this gave the aircraft the ability to climb faster and attain a level cruising altitude sooner than any other passenger aircraft.[10] It was later renamed the A300B.[9]: 34 [15]
Perhaps the most significant change of the A300B was that it would not require new engines to be developed, being of a suitable size to be powered by Rolls-Royce's RB211, or alternatively the American Pratt & Whitney JT9D and General Electric CF6 powerplants; this switch was recognized as considerably reducing the project's development costs.[11]: 45 [15][16]: 16–17 To attract potential customers in the US market, it was decided that General Electric CF6-50 engines would power the A300 in place of the British RB207; these engines would be produced in co-operation with French firm Snecma.[8][10] By this time, Rolls-Royce had been concentrating their efforts upon developing their RB211 turbofan engine instead and progress on the RB207's development had been slow for some time, the firm having suffered due to funding limitations, both of which had been factors in the engine switch decision.[5]: 2–13 [15][16]: 17–18
On 10 April 1969, a few months after the decision to drop the RB207 had been announced, the British government announced that they would withdraw from the Airbus venture.[6]: 38–39 [15] In response, West Germany proposed to France that they would be willing to contribute up to 50% of the project's costs if France was prepared to do the same.[15] Additionally, the managing director of Hawker Siddeley, Sir Arnold Alexander Hall, decided that his company would remain in the project as a favoured sub-contractor, developing and manufacturing the wings for the A300, which would later become pivotal in later versions' impressive performance from short domestic to long intercontinental flights.[5]: 2–13 [9]: 34 [16]: 18 Hawker Siddeley spent £35 million of its own funds, along with a further £35 million loan from the West German government, on the machine tooling to design and produce the wings.[6]: 39 [15]
Programme launch:
On 29 May 1969, during the Paris Air Show, French transport minister Jean Chamant and German economics minister Karl Schiller signed an agreement officially launching the Airbus A300, the world's first twin-engine widebody airliner.[2] The intention of the project was to produce an aircraft that was smaller, lighter, and more economical than its three-engine American rivals, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar.[10] In order to meet Air France's demands for an aircraft larger than 250-seat A300B, it was decided to stretch the fuselage to create a new variant, designated as the A300B2, which would be offered alongside the original 250-seat A300B, henceforth referred to as the A300B1. On 3 September 1970, Air France signed a letter of intent for six A300s, marking the first order to be won for the new airliner.[6]: 39 [10][16]: 21
In the aftermath of the Paris Air Show agreement, it was decided that, in order to provide effective management of responsibilities, a Groupement d'intérêt économique would be established, allowing the various partners to work together on the project while remaining separate business entities.[2] On 18 December 1970, Airbus Industrie was formally established following an agreement between Aérospatiale (the newly merged Sud Aviation and Nord Aviation) of France and the antecedents to Deutsche Aerospace of Germany, each receiving a 50 per cent stake in the newly formed company.[3]: 50 [6]: 39 [10] In 1971, the consortium was joined by a third full partner, the Spanish firm CASA, who received a 4.2 per cent stake, the other two members reducing their stakes to 47.9 per cent each.[10][16]: 20 In 1979, Britain joined the Airbus consortium via British Aerospace, which Hawker Siddeley had merged into, which acquired a 20 per cent stake in Airbus Industrie with France and Germany each reducing their stakes to 37.9 per cent.[3]: 53 [5]: 2–14 [6]: 39
Prototype and flight testing:
Airbus Industrie was initially headquartered in Paris, which is where design, development, flight testing, sales, marketing, and customer support activities were centered; the headquarters was relocated to Toulouse in January 1974.[8][10] The final assembly line for the A300 was located adjacent to Toulouse Blagnac International Airport. The manufacturing process necessitated transporting each aircraft section being produced by the partner companies scattered across Europe to this one location. The combined use of ferries and roads were used for the assembly of the first A300, however this was time-consuming and not viewed as ideal by Felix Kracht, Airbus Industrie's production director.[10] Kracht's solution was to have the various A300 sections brought to Toulouse by a fleet of Boeing 377-derived Aero Spacelines Super Guppy aircraft, by which means none of the manufacturing sites were more than two hours away. Having the sections airlifted in this manner made the A300 the first airliner to use just-in-time manufacturing techniques, and allowed each company to manufacture its sections as fully equipped, ready-to-fly assemblies.[3]: 53 [10]
In September 1969, construction of the first prototype A300 began.[16]: 20 On 28 September 1972, this first prototype was unveiled to the public, it conducted its maiden flight from Toulouse–Blagnac International Airport on 28 October that year.[6]: 39 [9]: 34 [11]: 51–52 This maiden flight, which was performed a month ahead of schedule, lasted for one hour and 25 minutes; the captain was Max Fischl and the first officer was Bernard Ziegler, son of Henri Ziegler.[10] In 1972, unit cost was US$17.5M.[17] On 5 February 1973, the second prototype performed its maiden flight.[6]: 39 The flight test program, which involved a total of four aircraft, was relatively problem-free, accumulating 1,580 flight hours throughout.[16]: 22 In September 1973, as part of promotional efforts for the A300, the new aircraft was taken on a six-week tour around North America and South America, to demonstrate it to airline executives, pilots, and would-be customers.[10] Amongst the consequences of this expedition, it had allegedly brought the A300 to the attention of Frank Borman of Eastern Airlines, one of the "big four" U.S. airlines.[18]
Entry into service:
On 15 March 1974, type certificates were granted for the A300 from both German and French authorities, clearing the way for its entry into revenue service.[18] On 23 May 1974, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification was received.[16]: 22 The first production model, the A300B2, entered service in 1974, followed by the A300B4 one year later.[8] Initially, the success of the consortium was poor, in part due to the economic consequences of the 1973 oil crisis,[6]: 40 [8][9]: 34 but by 1979 there were 81 A300 passenger liners in service with 14 airlines, alongside 133 firm orders and 88 options.[18] Ten years after the official launch of the A300, the company had achieved a 26 per cent market share in terms of dollar value, enabling Airbus Industries to proceed with the development of its second aircraft, the Airbus A310.[18]
Design:
The Airbus A300 is a wide-body medium-to-long range airliner; it has the distinction of being the first twin-engine wide-body aircraft in the world.[8][9]: 34 [12]: 57, 60 [19] In 1977, the A300 became the first Extended Range Twin Operations (ETOPS)-compliant aircraft, due to its high performance and safety standards.[6]: 40 Another world-first of the A300 is the use of composite materials on a commercial aircraft, which were used on both secondary and later primary airframe structures, decreasing overall weight and improving cost-effectiveness.[19] Other firsts included the pioneering use of center-of-gravity control, achieved by transferring fuel between various locations across the aircraft, and electrically signaled secondary flight controls.[20]
The A300 is powered by a pair of underwing turbofan engines, either General Electric CF6 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines; the sole use of underwing engine pods allowed for any suitable turbofan engine to be more readily used.[12]: 57 The lack of a third tail-mounted engine, as per the trijet configuration used by some competing airliners, allowed for the wings to be located further forwards and to reduce the size of the vertical stabilizer and elevator, which had the effect of increasing the aircraft's flight performance and fuel efficiency.[3]: 50 [16]: 21
Airbus partners had employed the latest technology, some of which having been derived from Concorde, on the A300. According to Airbus, new technologies adopted for the airliner were selected principally for increased safety, operational capability, and profitability.[19] Upon entry into service in 1974, the A300 was a very advanced plane, which went on to influence later airliner designs. The technological highlights include advanced wings by de Havilland (later BAE Systems) with supercritical airfoil sections for economical performance and advanced aerodynamically efficient flight control surfaces. The 5.64 m (222 in) diameter circular fuselage section allows an eight-abreast passenger seating and is wide enough for 2 LD3 cargo containers side by side. Structures are made from metal billets, reducing weight. It is the first airliner to be fitted with wind shear protection. Its advanced autopilots are capable of flying the aircraft from climb-out to landing, and it has an electrically controlled braking system.
Later A300s incorporated other advanced features such as the Forward-Facing Crew Cockpit (FFCC), which enabled a two-pilot flight crew to fly the aircraft alone without the need for a flight engineer, the functions of which were automated; this two-man cockpit concept was a world-first for a wide-body aircraft.[8][16]: 23–24 [20] Glass cockpit flight instrumentation, which used cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors to display flight, navigation, and warning information, along with fully digital dual autopilots and digital flight control computers for controlling the spoilers, flaps, and leading-edge slats, were also adopted upon later-built models.[19][21] Additional composites were also made use of, such as carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), as well as their presence in an increasing proportion of the aircraft's components, including the spoilers, rudder, air brakes, and landing gear doors.[22] Another feature of later aircraft was the addition of wingtip fences, which improved aerodynamic performance and thus reduced cruise fuel consumption by about 1.5% for the A300-600.[23]
In addition to passenger duties, the A300 became widely used by air freight operators; according to Airbus, it is the best selling freight aircraft of all time.[20] Various variants of the A300 were built to meet customer demands, often for diverse roles such as aerial refueling tankers, freighter models (new-build and conversions), combi aircraft, military airlifter, and VIP transport. Perhaps the most visually unique of the variants is the A300-600ST Beluga, an oversize cargo-carrying model operated by Airbus to carry aircraft sections between their manufacturing facilities.[20] The A300 was the basis for, and retained a high level of commonality with, the second airliner produced by Airbus, the smaller Airbus A310.[19]
Operational history:
On 23 May 1974, the first A300 to enter service performed the first commercial flight of the type, flying from Paris to London, for Air France.[6]: 39 [18]
Immediately after the launch, sales of the A300 were weak for some years, with most orders going to airlines that had an obligation to favor the domestically made product – notably Air France and Lufthansa, the first two airlines to place orders for the type.[3]: 50–52 [18] Following the appointment of Bernard Lathière as Henri Ziegler's replacement, an aggressive sales approach was adopted. Indian Airlines was the world's first domestic airline to purchase the A300, ordering three aircraft with three options. However, between December 1975 and May 1977, there were no sales for the type. During this period a number of "whitetail" A300s – completed but unsold aircraft – were completed and stored at Toulouse, and production fell to half an aircraft per month amid calls to pause production completely.[18]
During the flight testing of the A300B2, Airbus held a series of talks with Korean Air on the topic of developing a longer-range version of the A300, which would become the A300B4. In September 1974, Korean Air placed an order for four A300B4s with options for two further aircraft; this sale was viewed as significant as it was the first non-European international airline to order Airbus aircraft. Airbus had viewed South-East Asia as a vital market that was ready to be opened up and believed Korean Air to be the 'key'.[8][16]: 23 [18]
Airlines operating the A300 on short haul routes were forced to reduce frequencies to try and fill the aircraft. As a result, they lost passengers to airlines operating more frequent narrow body flights. Eventually, Airbus had to build its own narrowbody aircraft (the A320) to compete with the Boeing 737 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9/MD-80. The savior of the A300 was the advent of ETOPS, a revised FAA rule which allows twin-engine jets to fly long-distance routes that were previously off-limits to them. This enabled Airbus to develop the aircraft as a medium/long range airliner.
In 1977, US carrier Eastern Air Lines leased four A300s as an in-service trial.[18] CEO Frank Borman was impressed that the A300 consumed 30% less fuel, even less than expected, than his fleet of L-1011s. Borman proceeded to order 23 A300s, becoming the first U.S. customer for the type. This order is often cited as the point at which Airbus came to be seen as a serious competitor to the large American aircraft-manufacturers Boeing and McDonnell Douglas.[6]: 40 [8][18] Aviation author John Bowen alleged that various concessions, such as loan guarantees from European governments and compensation payments, were a factor in the decision as well.[3]: 52 The Eastern Air Lines breakthrough was shortly followed by an order from Pan Am. From then on, the A300 family sold well, eventually reaching a total of 561 delivered aircraft.[1]
In December 1977, Aerocondor Colombia became the first Airbus operator in Latin America, leasing one Airbus A300B4-2C, named Ciudad de Barranquilla.
During the late 1970s, Airbus adopted a so-called 'Silk Road' strategy, targeting airlines in the Far East.[3]: 52 [18] As a result, The aircraft found particular favor with Asian airlines, being bought by Japan Air System, Korean Air, China Eastern Airlines, Thai Airways International, Singapore Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, China Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Indian Airlines, Trans Australia Airlines and many others. As Asia did not have restrictions similar to the FAA 60-minutes rule for twin-engine airliners which existed at the time, Asian airlines used A300s for routes across the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea.
In 1977, the A300B4 became the first ETOPS compliant aircraft,[24] qualifying for Extended Twin Engine Operations over water, providing operators with more versatility in routing. In 1982 Garuda Indonesia became the first airline to fly the A300B4-200FFCC.[25] By 1981, Airbus was growing rapidly, with over 400 aircraft sold to over forty airlines.[26]
In 1989, Chinese operator China Eastern Airlines received its first A300; by 2006, the airline operated around 18 A300s, making it the largest operator of both the A300 and the A310 at that time. On 31 May 2014, China Eastern officially retired the last A300-600 in its fleet, having begun drawing down the type in 2010.[27]
From 1997 to 2014, a single A300, designated A300 Zero-G, was operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) as a reduced-gravity aircraft for conducting research into microgravity; the A300 is the largest aircraft to ever have been used in this capacity. A typical flight would last for two and a half hours, enabling up to 30 parabolas to be performed per flight.[28][29]
By the 1990s, the A300 was being heavily promoted as a cargo freighter.[16]: 24 The largest freight operator of the A300 is FedEx Express, which has 65 A300 aircraft in service as of May 2022.[30] UPS Airlines also operates 52 freighter versions of the A300.[31]
The final version was the A300-600R and is rated for 180-minute ETOPS. The A300 has enjoyed renewed interest in the secondhand market for conversion to freighters; large numbers were being converted during the late 1990s.[16]: 24–25 The freighter versions – either new-build A300-600s or converted ex-passenger A300-600s, A300B2s and B4s – account for most of the world's freighter fleet after the Boeing 747 freighter.[32]
The A300 provided Airbus the experience of manufacturing and selling airliners competitively. The basic fuselage of the A300 was later stretched (A330 and A340), shortened (A310), or modified into derivatives (A300-600ST Beluga Super Transporter). In 2006, unit cost of an −600F was $105 million.[14] In March 2006, Airbus announced the impending closure of the A300/A310 final assembly line,[33] making them the first Airbus aircraft to be discontinued. The final production A300, an A300F freighter, performed its initial flight on 18 April 2007,[34] and was delivered to FedEx Express on 12 July 2007.[35] Airbus has announced a support package to keep A300s flying commercially. Airbus offers the A330-200F freighter as a replacement for the A300 cargo variants.[36]
The life of UPS's fleet of 52 A300s, delivered from 2000 to 2006, will be extended to 2035 by a flight deck upgrade based around Honeywell Primus Epic avionics; new displays and flight management system (FMS), improved weather radar, a central maintenance system, and a new version of the current enhanced ground proximity warning system. With a light usage of only two to three cycles per day, it will not reach the maximum number of cycles by then. The first modification will be made at Airbus Toulouse in 2019 and certified in 2020.[37] As of July 2017, there are 211 A300s in service with 22 operators, with the largest operator being FedEx Express with 68 A300-600F aircraft.[38]
Variants:
A300B1 - The A300B1 was the first variant to take flight. It had a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 132 t (291,000 lb), was 51 m (167 ft) long and was powered by two General Electric CF6-50A engines.[16]: 21 [39]: 41 Only two prototypes of the variant were built before it was adapted into the A300B2, the first production variant of the airliner.[6]: 39 The second prototype was leased to Trans European Airways in 1974.[39]: 54
A300B2 -
A300B2-100:
Responding to a need for more seats from Air France, Airbus decided that the first production variant should be larger than the original prototype A300B1. The CF6-50A powered A300B2-100 was 2.6 m (8.5 ft) longer than the A300B1 and had an increased MTOW of 137 t (302,000 lb), allowing for 30 additional seats and bringing the typical passenger count up to 281, with capacity for 20 LD3 containers.[40]: 10 [41][39]: 17 Two prototypes were built and the variant made its maiden flight on 28 June 1973, became certified on 15 March 1974 and entered service with Air France on 23 May 1974.[39]: 27, 53 [40]: 10
A300B2-200:
For the A300B2-200, originally designated as the A300B2K, Krueger flaps were introduced at the leading-edge root, the slat angles were reduced from 20 degrees to 16 degrees, and other lift related changes were made in order to introduce a high-lift system. This was done to improve performance when operating at high-altitude airports, where the air is less dense and lift generation is reduced.[42]: 52, 53 [43] The variant had an increased MTOW of 142 t (313,000 lb) and was powered by CF6-50C engines, was certified on 23 June 1976, and entered service with South African Airways in November 1976.[39]: 40 [40]: 12 CF6-50C1 and CF6-50C2 models were also later fitted depending on customer requirements, these became certified on 22 February 1978 and 21 February 1980 respectively.[39]: 41 [40]: 12
A300B2-320:
The A300B2-320 introduced the Pratt & Whitney JT9D powerplant and was powered by JT9D-59A engines. It retained the 142 t (313,000 lb) MTOW of the B2-200, was certified on 4 January 1980, and entered service with Scandinavian Airlines on 18 February 1980, with only four being produced.[39]: 99, 112 [40]: 14
A300B4 -
A300B4-100:
The initial A300B4 variant, later named the A300B4-100, included a centre fuel tank for an increased fuel capacity of 47.5 tonnes (105,000 lb), and had an increased MTOW of 157.5 tonnes (347,000 lb).[44][42]: 38 It also featured Krueger flaps and had a similar high-lift system to what was later fitted to the A300B2-200.[42]: 74 The variant made its maiden flight on 26 December 1974, was certified on 26 March 1975, and entered service with Germanair in May 1975.[39]: 32, 54 [40]: 16
A300B4-200:
The A300B4-200 had an increased MTOW of 165 tonnes (364,000 lb) and featured an additional optional fuel tank in the rear cargo hold, which would reduce the cargo capacity by two LD3 containers.[40]: 19 [42]: 69 The variant was certified on 26 April 1979.[40]: 19
A300-600 - The A300-600, officially designated as the A300B4-600, was slightly longer than the A300B2 and A300B4 variants and had an increased interior space from using a similar rear fuselage to the Airbus A310, this allowed it to have two additional rows of seats.[42]: 79 It was initially powered by Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4H1 engines, but was later fitted with General Electric CF6-80C2 engines, with Pratt & Whitney PW4156 or PW4158 engines being introduced in 1986.[42]: 82 Other changes include an improved wing featuring a recambered trailing edge, the incorporation of simpler single-slotted Fowler flaps, the deletion of slat fences, and the removal of the outboard ailerons after they were deemed unnecessary on the A310.[45] The variant made its first flight on 8 July 1983, was certified on 9 March 1984, and entered service in June 1984 with Saudi Arabian Airlines.[40]: 42 [39]: 58 A total of 313 A300-600s (all versions) have been sold. The A300-600 uses the A310 cockpits, featuring digital technology and electronic displays, eliminating the need for a flight engineer. The FAA issues a single type rating which allows operation of both the A310 and A300-600. A300-600: (Official designation: A300B4-600) The baseline model of the −600 series. A300-620C: (Official designation: A300C4-620) A convertible-freighter version. Four delivered between 1984 and 1985. A300-600F: (Official designation: A300F4-600) The freighter version of the baseline −600. A300-600R: (Official designation: A300B4-600R) The increased-range −600, achieved by an additional trim fuel tank in the tail. First delivery in 1988 to American Airlines; all A300s built since 1989 (freighters included) are −600Rs. Japan Air System (later merged into Japan Airlines) took delivery of the last new-built passenger A300, an A300-622R, in November 2002. A300-600RC: (Official designation: A300C4-600R) The convertible-freighter version of the −600R. Two were delivered in 1999. A300-600RF: (Official designation: A300F4-600R) The freighter version of the −600R. All A300s delivered between November 2002 and 12 July 2007 (last ever A300 delivery) were A300-600RFs.
A310 (A300B10)-
Airbus had demand for an aircraft smaller than the A300. On 7 July 1978, the A310 (initially the A300B10) was launched with orders from Swissair and Lufthansa. On 3 April 1982, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight and it received its type certification on 11 March 1983.
Keeping the same eight-abreast cross-section, the A310 is 6.95 m (22.8 ft) shorter than the initial A300 variants, and has a smaller 219 m2 (2,360 sq ft) wing, down from 260 m2 (2,800 sq ft). The A310 introduced a two-crew glass cockpit, later adopted for the A300-600 with a common type rating. It was powered by the same GE CF6-80 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D then PW4000 turbofans. It can seat 220 passengers in two classes, or 240 in all-economy, and can fly up to 5,150 nmi (9,540 km). It has overwing exits between the two main front and rear door pairs.
In April 1983, the aircraft entered revenue service with Swissair and competed with the Boeing 767–200, introduced six months before. Its longer range and ETOPS regulations allowed it to be operated on transatlantic flights. Until the last delivery in June 1998, 255 aircraft were produced, as it was succeeded by the larger Airbus A330-200. It has cargo aircraft versions, and was derived into the Airbus A310 MRTT military tanketransport.
Airbus A300-ST (Beluga)
Commonly referred to as the Airbus Beluga or "Airbus Super Transporter," these five airframes are used by Airbus to ferry parts between the company's disparate manufacturing facilities, thus enabling workshare distribution. They replaced the four Aero Spacelines Super Guppys previously used by Airbus.
ICAO code: A3ST
Operators:
As of March 2023, there were 228 A300 family aircraft in commercial service. The five largest operators were FedEx Express (70), UPS Airlines (52), European Air Transport Leipzig (23), Iran Air (11), and Mahan Air (11).[46]